The Rio Capibaribe is a major river in the northeastern Brazilian state of Pernambuco, originating in the Serra do Jacarará on the border of the municipalities of Poção and Jataúba at an elevation of approximately 1,100 meters above sea level. From there it flows generally eastward through the semi-arid agreste region before transitioning into the more humid zona da mata, ultimately discharging into the Atlantic Ocean at Recife. The river's total length ranges between 240 and 280 kilometers, passing through approximately 42 municipalities and receiving around 74 tributaries along its course. Its drainage basin covers roughly 7,455 square kilometers and supports a population of about 1.45 million people.

The upper reaches carry steeper gradients exceeding 10 percent in dissected hilly terrain, while the lower course flattens to less than 1 percent as it approaches the coast. The river's flow is intermittent in its upper sections, with 13 major dams managing water distribution across the basin. In its lower urban stretch through Recife, the river is tidal and navigable, passing through a network of canals, historic buildings, palaces, parks, and numerous bridges connecting neighborhoods to the old city center — a character that has earned Recife the informal nickname "The Brazilian Venice."

The urban stretch in Recife is the most accessible section for paddlers and on-water visitors. Multiple access points exist along the city center reach, allowing for easy embarkation and disembarkation. The river's location within the city means transportation to put-in points is straightforward. Catamaran Tours is one operator known to offer boat trips along this stretch. Kayaking, canoeing, and stand-up paddleboarding are popular water activities on the Recife section of the river.

Tarpon fishing is a notable activity in the Recife stretch, indicating the presence of larger fish species in the tidal lower river. The river has historically been significant to the development of Pernambuco, with its fertile floodplains supporting early sugarcane cultivation and serving as a transportation corridor into the interior. Studies into the river's navigability for urban transportation have been ongoing, which may affect future access and use of the waterway.