The Buffalo River flows 125 miles through Middle Tennessee, making it the longest unimpounded river in the region and the largest tributary of the Duck River. Rising from the confluence of its North and South Forks in northern Lawrence County near Henryville, the river meanders northwest through Lewis, Wayne, Perry, and Humphreys counties before joining the Duck River near the Tennessee River.

The river's character transitions dramatically along its course. In Lawrence and Lewis counties, the upper sections feature narrow channels with frequent shoals, steep limestone bluffs, and heavily forested banks. The Natchez Trace Parkway crosses the river at Metal Ford in Lewis County, a historic site once used by Native Americans and early settlers. Moving downstream through Wayne County, the river receives major tributaries including the Green River near Flatwoods. The lower sections through Perry and Humphreys counties widen considerably, with broader bottomlands and agricultural landscapes visible between riparian tree buffers.

Paddling opportunities span the river's entire length, though water levels dictate accessibility. The upper reaches from Henryville to Flat Woods typically remain floatable from November through August, while the lower sections support year-round paddling. The river maintains a Class I designation throughout, featuring long, deep pools separated by shallow gravel shoals and occasional faster-moving sections with moderate current. Beginners find the lower sections manageable, while the upper river's narrower channels and more frequent obstacles suit paddlers with basic skills. Spring months from March through May offer the most reliable water levels and comfortable temperatures. Summer paddling remains popular despite lower flows, with numerous swimming holes providing relief. Fall brings spectacular foliage and reduced crowds, though water levels may require portaging over shallow sections.

The river supports exceptional aquatic biodiversity, including nearly 85 species of fish. Smallmouth bass, rock bass, and longear sunfish dominate the fishery. Alligator snapping turtles, some exceeding 50 pounds, inhabit deeper pools. Bottomland hardwoods—sycamore, river birch, sweetgum, and willow—line the banks, while upland slopes support oak-hickory forests.

Access points include bridges in Lobelville and Linden (Perry County's only incorporated riverside towns), the Natchez Trace crossing, and numerous county road crossings. Metal Ford at the Natchez Trace Parkway provides developed facilities and historical interpretation. Private outfitters operate primarily in Perry County, offering rentals and shuttle services.

The river's designation as a Tennessee State Scenic River in Lawrence County recognizes its exceptional natural qualities. Multi-day trips from Henryville to Flat Woods (approximately 50 miles) showcase the river's most pristine sections, requiring 2-3 days with primitive camping on gravel bars. Paddlers must respect private property along most shorelines and practice Leave No Trace principles on public gravel bars.