Buffalo Creek originates in northern Buchanan County, Iowa, formed by the confluence of its East and West branches near the town of Winthrop. The creek flows generally southeast for approximately 42 miles before joining the Wapsipinicon River at Anamosa in Jones County, descending from an elevation of about 1,040 feet to 760 feet above sea level. This tributary system drains portions of four counties—Buchanan, Delaware, Jones, and Linn—creating a significant waterway corridor through eastern Iowa's agricultural landscape.

The creek's character varies considerably along its length. In Buchanan County, Buffalo Creek and its branches wind through mixed woodland and prairie remnants, with the Buffalo Creek Wildlife Area and Buffalo Creek Park providing public access near Winthrop. These upper reaches feature narrower channels bordered by timber stands that support diverse bird populations and provide habitat for white-tailed deer and wild turkey.

Paddling opportunities exist primarily during spring runoff and following substantial rainfall, as Buffalo Creek can become shallow during summer months. The Buchanan County Conservation Board manages several access points, including areas near Winthrop where stream fishing for smallmouth bass and channel catfish attracts anglers. Water levels fluctuate significantly, and paddlers should expect occasional logjams and shallow riffles that may require portaging.

The creek corridor supports riparian forests dominated by silver maple, cottonwood, and willow along the banks, with oak-hickory forests on adjacent uplands. Limestone outcrops appear intermittently, particularly as the creek approaches its confluence with the Wapsipinicon. Spring wildflowers including wild roses, asters, and spiderwort bloom in the Buffalo Creek Wildlife Area's prairie sections.

At Anamosa, Buffalo Creek's junction with the Wapsipinicon River marks a significant hydrological feature. The Wapsipinicon Mill, constructed between 1874 and 1876, utilized water power from the river system and stands as a five-story historic landmark near this confluence. The mill received REAP funding for preservation work and now serves as a museum operated by the Buchanan County Historical Society.

Access points are limited compared to larger waterways. The Buffalo Creek Park east of Winthrop offers primitive camping, picnic facilities, and stream access. The Buffalo Creek Wildlife Area encompasses 60 acres with fishing and hunting opportunities. Public land access becomes more restricted in Delaware and Jones counties, where much of the creek flows through private agricultural property. Paddlers should verify water levels before attempting trips, as low flows frequently make navigation impractical. The creek's modest size and agricultural watershed mean water quality can be affected by runoff. No established water trail exists, and most recreational use focuses on fishing and hunting in designated conservation areas rather than extended paddling excursions.